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How to Prepare Your Grad Student Tax Return (Tax Year 2024)

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It’s common for funded graduate students to be a bit intimidated by preparing their own tax returns, particularly if they are inexperienced in doing so. The sources of PhD student funding, namely fellowship stipends and the scholarships or waivers that pay tuition and fees, are rather unusual, so most people and even most professional tax preparers don’t have any experience with them. The strategies that apply for undergraduate-level taxes are pretty different from those that apply for graduate-level taxes. But learning how to prepare your grad student tax return isn’t actually difficult, nor are the resulting steps complicated. There’s no reason to be intimidated! This post covers the essential points you need to know to prepare your grad student tax return, whether you do it manually, with tax software, or with the help of another person.

grad student tax return

This post is for tax year 2024. This post only covers federal tax due for graduate students in the United States who are citizens, permanent residents, or residents for tax purposes; you may have additional state and local tax due. I am detailing only the aspects of preparing your grad student tax return that are specific to higher education; I am not covering more general tax information that applies to the population at large.

This article is for educational purposes only and does not constitute tax, legal, or financial advice advice. It was last updated on 1/17/2025. For more tax content, visit the Personal Finance for PhDs Tax Center.

Table of Contents (Links)

Preliminary Remarks

This post is a step-by-step guide on how to prepare your grad student tax return. I want to clear up some confusion right up front so that you can work your way through the guide without becoming sidetracked.

All of your income is potentially taxable. The purpose of your tax return is to show that you don’t have to pay tax on all of it. What graduate students don’t often realize is that they have income sources aside from the one(s) that hits their bank accounts or is reported on an official tax document, and they need to deal with those incomes on their tax returns.

You have your stipend/salary that serves as your take-home pay; this is potentially taxable, even if you don’t receive an official tax form about it and you didn’t have any taxes withheld. In fact, I’ll say you’re very likely to end up owing tax on it unless it’s quite low and/or you have a lot of tax deductions and/or credits.

You also have another kind of potentially taxable income if you are funded: the money that pays your tuition, fees, and other education expenses. Your university might refer to this as scholarships, waivers, remissions, etc. Even if this money never passes through your personal bank account, it does pass through your name via your student account, which makes it potentially taxable to you as an individual. There is a very high chance you can use an education tax benefit to reduce your taxable income and/or reduce your tax due, but you have to sit down and do the arithmetic on it, not just assume that you won’t owe any tax on it. (In fact, doing the arithmetic may very well help you pay even less tax than if you ignored it!) This guide shows you exactly how to do that.

Further reading:

This article includes publicly available information on taxes for students and fellowship recipients, largely derived from IRS Publication 970 and my examinations of the tax policies of many universities across the US.

If you want a more in-depth and intuitive presentation of this material, designed for you to prepare your tax return as you go through it, that includes my interpretations of the tricky IRS language and the insight I gained from hiring a CPA to research grad student taxes…

Please consider joining my tax workshop. It comprises pre-recorded videos, worksheets, and live Q&A calls with me.

Click here to learn more about the grad student tax return workshop.

Collect All Your Income Sources

The first step to prepare your grad student tax return, and any tax return, is to collect all your income sources. These income sources include wages as well as non-wage income such as interest and investment income and self-employment income, but does not include loan disbursements.

With respect to your grad student status, you have income sources that are unusual and may be officially reported to you or not (so check for all of them):

  1. Your employee income for your stipend or salary will be reported to you on a Form W-2. This typically comes from a teaching assistantship, research assistantship, or graduate assistantship.
  2. Your awarded income that pays your stipend or salary may be reported to you on a 1098-T in Box 5, on a 1099-MISC in Box 3, on a Form 1099-NEC in Box 1, on a 1099-G in Box 6, on a courtesy letter, or not at all. Awarded income typically comes from fellowships, training grants, and awards. If your university does not send you any documentation of your fellowship income for 2024, you have to sum all the payments you received to figure out what it was.
  3. Your awarded income that pays your education expenses may be reported to you on a 1098-T in Box 5 or not at all. Awarded income typically comes from scholarships, waivers, remissions, and awards. If you did not receive a 1098-T from your university, you should look at the transactions in your student account (e.g., Bursar’s account, Cashier’s account) to see the money posted there on your behalf.

Your university may not use the exact terminology that I did, but the tax forms and documentation (or lack thereof) will help you differentiate among the three types.

Further reading:

At this stage, you may be thinking that the total of all this income is way too high. There’s no way you want to pay tax on all this income! Stick with me: We are going to reduce either your taxable income or your tax due in a subsequent step. But for now, work with all of your incomes.

Would you like the opportunity to ask me a question about your tax situation? I hold monthly live Q&A calls throughout tax season for my workshop participants!

Click here to learn more about the tax return workshop.

Categorize Your Income

Your grad student income (assistantship pay, fellowships, scholarships, etc.) falls into two broad categories: employee income and awarded income.

Employee income is easy to define, as you will receive a Form W-2 for it.

Awarded income is best defined as any grad student-related income that is reported somewhere other than a W-2 or not reported. According to the IRS, it is “various types of educational assistance you may receive if you are studying, teaching, or researching in the United States… includ[ing] scholarships, fellowship grants, need-based education grants, qualified tuition reductions” (Publication 970 p. 5), but the way the IRS uses those terms doesn’t completely match how we use the terms in academia.

Decide Which Education Tax Benefit(s) to Use on Your Grad Student Tax Return

For tax year 2024, there are two* relevant education tax benefits that you can access to reduce your tax burden: making awarded income tax-free and the Lifetime Learning Credit.

You use your qualified education expenses (QEEs) to take a deduction (by making your awarded income tax-free) or take a credit (by taking the Lifetime Learning Credit). A tax deduction reduces your taxable income, while a tax credit reduces your tax due directly. You can apply either one or both of these benefits, but you have to use different QEE dollars.

(* There is one more education tax benefit, the American Opportunity Tax Credit, which is each beneficial for a very small percentage of graduate students. See the section at the end of the article for more details on this benefit and whether it might apply to you.)

Generally speaking, graduate students should make their awarded income tax-free to the greatest extent possible before applying any remaining QEEs to the Lifetime Learning Credit; this is how tax software will prepare your return. However, some graduate students may be eligible to prioritize the Lifetime Learning Credit (or the American Opportunity Tax Credit) over making awarded income tax-free to further reduce their tax liability (could be worth hundreds of dollars); this scenario is discussed in detail inside my tax workshop.

Qualified Education Expenses

The definition of a QEE changes slightly for each tax benefit. From Publication 970 p. 4:

“Even though the same term, such as qualified education expenses, is used to label a basic component of many of the education benefits, the same expenses aren’t necessarily allowed for each benefit.”

Tuition at an eligible education institution is a QEE for both tax benefits (although to make awarded income tax-free you have to be a degree candidate). “Required fees” are QEEs for making awarded income tax-free. The Lifetime Learning Credit uses the wording “the fees and expenses [that] must be paid to the institution for enrollment or attendance” to define a QEE. Other fees and expenses beyond tuition may be QEEs; you should refer to the definition of a QEE with respect to each benefit.

If you received a 1098-T from your university, Box 1 will contain the sum of the payments for your the “qualified tuition and related expenses” that were processed by the office at your university that prepared the form. You may have additional QEEs not reported on the Form 1098-T, because the qualified tuition and related expenses on Form 1098-T do not include “charges and fees for room, board, insurance, medical expenses (including student health fees), transportation, and similar personal, living, or family expenses” (Form 1098-T Instructions, p. 2)

Further reading: What Is a 1098-T?

Whether you received a 1098-T or not, you should examine the transactions in your student account to make the final determination about the qualified education expenses that were processed by that office.

You may have additional QEEs not reported on your 1098-T or in your student account, such as required course-related expenses (keep your receipts!).

It’s very worthwhile to examine the definition of a QEE because uncovering additional QEEs almost always translates to a lower tax liability.

Make Awarded Income Tax-Free

The awarded income that you receive can directly cancel against your QEEs to become tax-free. For example, if the tuition that you are charged and the scholarship or tuition reduction that pays it are exactly the same amount, they net to zero and you won’t be taxed on that portion of your awarded income. In fact, you don’t even have to show the IRS this calculation; you only have to report the portion of your awarded income that exceeds your QEEs.

The definition of a QEE to make awarded income tax-free is (excerpted from Publication 970 Chapter 1 p. 6):

Qualified education expenses. For purposes of tax-free scholarships and fellowship grants, these are expenses for:

  • Tuition and fees required to enroll at or attend an eligible educational institution; and
  • Course-related expenses, such as fees, books, supplies, and equipment that are required for the courses at the eligible educational institution. These items must be required of all students in your course of instruction.

Expenses that don’t qualify. Qualified education expenses don’t include the cost of:

  • Room and board,
  • Travel,
  • Research,
  • Clerical help, or
  • Equipment and other expenses that aren’t required for enrollment in or attendance at an eligible educational institution.“

Are you unsure whether one of your expenses is a “qualified education expense” to net against awarded income? In my tax workshop, I present the common higher education-related expenses that graduate students incur and tell you whether or not they are QEEs under each of the education tax benefits.

Click here to learn more about the tax return workshop.

Lifetime Learning Credit

The Lifetime Learning Credit reduces your tax burden and may be beneficial to apply if 1) your QEEs exceed your awarded income and/or 2) a 20% credit is more valuable to you than a deduction.

The Lifetime Learning Credit is a 20% credit; that means that if you use $1,000 in QEE expenses for the Lifetime Learning Credit, your tax due will be reduced by $200. There is a $10,000 limit on QEEs that can be used for the Lifetime Learning Credit, so the maximum benefit is $2,000 even if you have additional QEEs.

The modified adjust gross income phase-out for this deduction begins at $80,000 for a single person and $160,000 for a married couple filing jointly.

The definition of a QEE for the Lifetime Learning Credit is (excerpted from Publication 970 Chapter 3 p. 24, 28):

“Qualified Education Expenses

For purposes of the lifetime learning credit, qualified education expenses are tuition and certain related expenses required for enrollment in a course at an eligible educational institution. The course must be either part of a postsecondary degree program or taken by the student to acquire or improve job skills.

Related expenses. Student activity fees and expenses for course-related books, supplies, and equipment are included in qualified education expenses only if the fees and expenses must be paid to the institution for enrollment or attendance.

Expenses That Don’t Qualify

Qualified education expenses don’t include amounts paid for:

  • Insurance;
  • Medical expenses (including student health fees);
  • Room and board;
  • Transportation; or
  • Similar personal, living, or family expenses.

This is true even if the amount must be paid to the institution as a condition of enrollment or attendance.“

If you take the Lifetime Learning Credit, you must fill out and file Form 8863.

The Numbers You Need for Your Tax Return

Once you have decided how you would like to use your QEEs, you should bring a few numbers with you to enter into your federal tax return:

  • Your total amount of employee income (W-2 pay with respect to your grad student income),
  • Your net awarded income (after applying your QEEs to reduce it),
  • The amount of your Lifetime Learning Credit (maximum $2,000) from Form 8863, and
  • The amount of income tax you already paid, whether through withholding or estimated tax.

You now have an idea of the actions to take and decisions to make regarding your grad student tax return. I know it can seem overwhelming! I don’t want you to spend hours and hours feeling frustrated paging through IRS documentation or wrestling with tax software.

Commit a couple hours to taking my tax return workshop, feel confident and supported, and emerge with an accurate and minimized tax return!

Click here to learn more about the grad student tax return workshop.

Fill Out Your Grad Student Tax Return

With respect to your taxable grad student income, Lifetime Learning Credit, and tax already paid, how to report them on your tax return is very straightforward. Of course, you will fill out the rest of your tax return by following the form instructions; this section only relates to the grad student aspects of your return.

Report Your Income

Write your employee income (reported on your Form W-2) on Form 1040 Line 1a.

Write your taxable awarded income on Form 1040 Schedule 1 Line 8r. (This dedicated line is new as of 2022!)

Further reading: Where to Report Your PhD Trainee Income on Your Tax Return

Report Your Lifetime Learning Credit

Report your Lifetime Learning Credit on Line 3 of Form 1040 Schedule 3; you will also file Form 8863. The amount of this credit will directly reduce your tax due.

Report Your Tax Already Paid

If you received a Form W-2 and/or Form 1099 for part or all of your grad student income, you will enter the amount of federal tax that was withheld from your income in Line 25 of Form 1040. There are different parts of the line depending on which form was used.

Further reading: The Complete Guide to Quarterly Estimated Tax for Fellowship Recipients

If you paid quarterly estimated tax on your fellowship income, report the total of the estimated tax payments you made in Line 26 of Form 1040.

Other Education Tax Benefits

I have omitted from detailed discussion two education tax benefits that you may be familiar with from past experiences preparing your tax return.

American Opportunity Tax Credit

The American Opportunity Tax Credit is typically used during the undergraduate years only. It can be claimed in only 4 tax years and not in any tax year after the one in which you finish your first four years of postsecondary education. Therefore, if you graduated from college in 2024 (in four years) and you (or your parents) claimed the American Opportunity Tax Credit in no more than 3 previous tax years (e.g., freshman spring/sophomore fall, sophomore spring/junior fall, and junior spring/senior fall but not freshman fall), you may be eligible to claim it for 2024.

The American Opportunity Tax Credit is the most valuable education tax benefit available, so if you are eligible for it, you will almost certainly want to use it to the greatest degree you can. It is a 100% credit on up to $2,000 of QEEs and a 25% credit on up to $2,000 of QEEs.

The definition of a QEE for the American Opportunity Tax Credit is distinct from the definition for other education tax benefits.

If you claim the American Opportunity Tax Credit, you cannot use the Lifetime Learning Credit or the Tuition and Fees Deduction. If you are considered a dependent on your parents’ tax return in 2024, you cannot claim the credit (your parents would).

To claim the American Opportunity Tax Credit, you need to fill out and file Form 8863.

Tuition and Fees Deduction

The Tuition and Fees Deduction expired at the end of 2020.

Would you like the opportunity to ask me a question about your tax situation? I hold monthly live Q&A calls throughout tax season for my workshop participants!

Click here to learn more about the tax return workshop.

If You Were Under Age 24

If you were age 23 or younger on December 31, 2024 and a full-time student for at least five months of the year, you may be subject to an alternative, higher tax known as the Kiddie Tax. This could be the case if your income was primary awarded income.

Further reading: Fellowship Income Can Trigger the Kiddie Tax

As a full-time student (for at least part of 5 calendar months) and under age 24, your parents (or another relative) might also be able to claim you as a dependent, though you will have to pass the ‘residency test’ and ‘support test.’

One entire module of my tax return workshop is devoted to the special tax considerations of graduate students under the age of 24. Please consider joining the workshop for much more details about the Kiddie Tax and dependency.

Click here to learn more about the tax return workshop.

Conclusion

The most challenging aspect of this process is simply knowing the various aspects that you have to consider. The most complicated aspect is collecting and categorizing all of your income sources and education expenses.

Best of luck to you as you prepare your grad student tax return this year! If you need additional support:

  1. Download my tax “cheat sheet”
  2. Register for my workshop (includes live Q&As!) for only $34

Please consider sharing this post with your peers through social media or a list-serv!

Financial Reasons to Work Before Starting Your PhD

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College students who aspire to earn PhDs often ask themselves if they should proceed directly from undergrad into a PhD program or take a year or more “off” to work. From a career perspective, there are some arguments on either side (and it’s probably field-dependent), though personally I think it’s better to not go straight from college to grad school. However, from a financial perspective, working for at least a year prior to starting grad school is a slam-dunk better choice – provided you handle your salary the right way in the meantime.

I’ll assume in this article that you’re earning more in your post-college job than you will as a grad student. I know that’s not always the case (my postbac fellowship paid a stipend comparable to that of a grad student), and if it’s not true for you, simply pick and choose the advice that works for you.

This article provides financial arguments for working prior to starting a PhD and gives you a strategy to combat the biggest potential downside to doing so. Working before starting a PhD program gives you the best shot at starting grad school (and the rest of your life) on the right financial foot.

Save Cash for Start-Up Expenses

Starting grad school, especially if you have to move to do so, is a cash-intensive endeavor. It can be done on the cheap depending on your city, but you are looking at paying for much or all of this before receiving your first grad student paycheck:

  • Moving expenses
  • First month’s rent (maybe last as well)
  • Security deposits, installation fees, and/or service fees for housing and utilities
  • All your normal living expenses like food, transportation and personal care for a month or more
  • Fees (and possibly tuition) if not covered by your program, e.g., parking or an insurance premium
  • Textbooks and other course-related expenses

Those expenses are similar to any that you would incur if you moved for a job, but in addition you have the educationally-related ones and you most likely will wait over one month for your first paycheck to arrive instead of the two weeks to one month typical for a job.

If you work prior to starting grad school, you have the opportunity to save for those start-up expenses. If you don’t have enough savings available when you matriculate, you’ll start grad school already feeling financially behind.

Build a Strong Financial Foundation

Working prior to starting grad school also means you can improve your overall financial health compared to where you were when you finished undergrad. You can work on one or more of these goals right away:

  • Saving cash for an emergency fund and short-term irregular expenses
  • Paying down debt (prioritize high interest rate debt such as credit cards and unsubsidized student loans)
  • Contributing to a tax-advantaged retirement account such as a 401(k) or IRA

Starting grad school doesn’t necessarily mean stalling financially, but it is easier to make progress with a salary intended to do more than pay basic living expenses.

Further reading:

Investing for Retirement

I already mentioned retirement saving above, but it’s worth emphasizing again. Saving for retirement during grad school is a challenge. This is due primarily to your limited cash flow, but in addition grad students are sometimes disallowed from contributing to any kind of tax-advantaged retirement account due to their income type. If you receive only fellowship income throughout an entire calendar year, you will not be able to contribute to an IRA. It is also exceedingly rare for a grad student to have access to a workplace-based retirement account like a 403(b).

Further reading: Taxable Compensation or Earned Income

Getting an early start on retirement investing will make an enormous difference in your account balances once you reach retirement. For example, if you work for one year until age 23 and contribute $1,000 per month to a retirement account, just that $12,000 contribution alone can grow to approximately $434,000 by the time you are 68 (assuming an 8% average annual rate of return.

Further reading: Whether You Save During Grad School Can Have a $1,000,000 Effect on Your Retirement

If you have to slow down or stop retirement investing during grad school, you can still feel good about the investments you already have in place that are working for you in the background.

If your employer provides a retirement match, please contribute enough to get the full match! It’s going to be a long time before that opportunity comes around again.

Applying Everywhere that Is a Fit

Grad school applications can easily cost over $1,000 between the direct application fees and indirect costs like taking the GRE. If you are working when you apply instead of doing it during college, you will have more money (and time) to apply and visit everywhere that is a good fit for you. It would be such a shame for a low budget for applications to constrain your career choices.

Further reading: The Full Cost of Applying to PhD Programs

Start a (Passive) Side Hustle

Side hustling during grad school is a great way to earn some extra income, maintain an identity and emotional outlet separate from your research, and potentially improve your post-PhD career prospects. But when you’re busy with research, classes, and/or teaching, it can be difficult to put in the time and energy needed to get your side hustle off the ground.

It’s much easier to maintain a side hustle you established prior to starting grad school (or you could continue some aspect of your job as a side hustle). An ideal side hustle for someone anticipating entering grad school is one that is location-independent and time-flexible.

The perfect side income for a grad student is not a “hustle” at all but passive income. Passive income comes in many forms, but requires an up-front investment of time or money to establish the income stream with little to no additional work required on an ongoing basis.

Minimize Your Tax Burden

In our current low tax environment, I don’t talk about tax planning, that is, changing your behavior due to the tax implications. I don’t like to let the “tail” of tax repercussions wag the “dog” of the rest of your life. However, in this case, I want you to at least be aware of the tax implications of starting a PhD program right away vs. waiting a year or two.

There are two big tax effects of having a “student” status (i.e., being a full time student in at least part of five months in the calendar year) and also being young (i.e., 23 or younger on 12/31 of the year in question).

Dependent

Normally, being considered a dependent of your parents expires at age 18, but students can be claimed as dependents up until the year they turn 24. Generally speaking, being claimed as a dependent is bad news for your tax return and good news for your parents’ tax return (or whoever is claiming you).

There are a few ways to avoid dependency status in the year you exit undergrad and/or the year you enter grad school, all of which can be more easily accomplished by working in between:

  • Live apart from your parents for at least six months of the year you finish undergrad (assuming you graduate in the spring) and continue to do so until the year you turn 24 (at least).
  • Wait to start grad school until at least the year in which you turn 24.
  • Provide at least half of your own “support.” Support is basically all your expenses, both living expenses and educational expenses. If you provide at least half of that support through your own income (taxable fellowships and loans count, but scholarships do not), you are independent. This is much easier to accomplish if you earn a higher income and minimize your educational expenses in any year that you are under age 24.

Kiddie Tax

The Kiddie Tax is bad news for the “kid” subject to it (that’s you, potentially) as it imposes a much higher tax rate on “unearned” income than what you would have on ordinary income. Weirdly and unfortunately, fellowship income is considered “unearned.” If you are a student, under age 24, and do not provide more than half of your own “support” with ”earned” income, your “unearned” income is subject to this higher tax rate. You do not have to be a dependent for the Kiddie Tax to apply to you.

How do you avoid the Kiddie Tax through tax planning? 1) You can wait to start grad school until the year you turn 24. 2) If you start grad school prior to the year you turn 24, make sure you have enough “earned” income in each year you are a student to cover at least half of your own “support.” Keep in mind that “support” includes educational expenses.

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How to Make the Most of Your Salary and Start Grad School on the Right Financial Foot

Have you ever heard the advice to “live like a college student” or “live like a resident?” Take that a step further and “live like a grad student” in your working years prior to starting grad school.

Further reading: Is “Live Like a College Student” Good Advice?

The advantages to living like a grad student when you have a job are three-fold:

  1. You will get a head start on the essential financial skills you’ll need during grad school, such as budgeting, frugality, and saving.
  2. You will rapidly increase your net worth through saving and/or debt repayment because you will be living far below your means.
  3. You will avoid experiencing the very painful process of decreasing your standard of living when you enter grad school.

Living like a grad student when you have a better-paying job is definitely a sacrifice, but it’s one that is well worth it. I often speak to grad students who worked prior to starting grad school, and their common refrain is “I wish I had saved more when I had the chance!”

As a Single Parent, This Graduate Student Utilizes Every Possible Resource

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In this podcast episode, Emily interview Lauri Lutes, a fourth-year PhD student at Oregon State University and single mother. Lauri’s stipend is equivalent to the local living wage for just one adult, yet she supports herself and her daughter on it without using student loans. Lauri details how she makes ends meet by taking advantage of every possible university and community benefit, such as subsidized and free childcare, food assistance, and recreation and arts scholarships. Lauri additionally serves her community by advocating for graduate student parents on two university boards.

Links mentioned in episode

resourceful grad student

0:00 Introduction

1:02 Please Introduce Yourself

Lauri Lutes is a PhD student at Oregon State University. She studies viruses on sweet cherry trees. She has an 8 year old daughter and she’s a single mom.

2:19 What is your current annual income and expenses?

Lauri’s graduate stipend is $24,000 per year. Her assistantship is assured for her entire PhD, for either teaching or research. Her modest estimate of her current annual expenses is $27,000 to $30,000. These expenses cover a bare minimum, like paying rent, and don’t include expenses like a car payment. Her estimates don’t take into account her supplemental income from food assistance programs.

According to MIT’s Living Wage Calculator (livingwage.mit.edu), the living wage for one adult with one child in Benton County, Oregon is $51,000 before tax/$42,000 after tax. In order to live with her daughter on her Oregon State University PhD stipend, Lauri has to take advantage of every possible resource.

4:24 What benefits do you receive and how did you find these benefits?

When Lauri was considering graduate school, her daughter was four years old. Lauri was most interested in Pacific Northwest universities, and she was surprised to learn that Oregon State University offers resources to help graduate students who are parents be successful.

Lauri receives two main benefits from the university. First, she receives a childcare subsidy that is provided through student fees and donor funding. Through the childcare subsidy, up to 50% of childcare expenses are covered. This subsidy is applicable for childcare for very young children before they’re in school, as well as for before and after school programs for children in public school. Lauri says it’s rare for a university to offer this assistance, and for the subsidy to cover up to 50%.

Second, Lauri receives assistance for non-school childcare. Oregon State University has two childcare facilities that are drop-in for up to three hours per day. This service is free. The childcare facilities are located in the library and in the recreation center. They are open from 10am to 7pm on the weekends and during the weekdays as well. They accept children on a first-come, first-serve basis, but Lauri has not had problems with accessing childcare from these facilities. Student workers from child development, education relevant fields are the childcare providers. Lauri says the facilities are a well-managed, reliable resource for student parents.

9:31 What is your daily routine like? Is your advisor supportive?

During Lauri’s first couple of years in her PhD program, she served in orchards throughout the entire State. Lauri had to take day trips and overnight trips for her work. She relied on friends and her community for help. Lately, she is in the lab for most of the day. She tries to keep a 9 to 5 work schedule. Her work doesn’t require her to be in the lab on the weekends. When she does travel, the bulk of her work is in the Columbia River Gorge, which is three hour drive from her university.

Laurie says she has an incredibly supportive advisor. She says she is fortunate that her advisor doesn’t make her compromise her parenting for her work. During her graduate school interviews, Lauri didn’t emphasize that she had a daughter, but she didn’t make it a secret. She encourages other people to consider how their potential advisors would support them.

13:06 Tell us about your service experience on advisory boards and committees.

Lauri was invited to join the advisory board of the university’s Family Resource Center. She viewed this as a place to get her voice heard, and to give a voice to graduate student parents. The advisory board decides on the budget for student fees, where that funding goes under the umbrella of the Family Resource Center. This budget includes the childcare assistance stipend, which is available for students with families on campus and employees with dependents.

Additionally, Lauri is the graduate student representative on the committee for children, youth and families in the university’s faculty senate. This committee reports directly to president of the university. To Lauri, this seems like they can make changes on the university level. This committee considers the university experience of students and faculty with dependents, not limited to only young children. Lauri says they want to cultivate a culture of care at the university, that includes being able to support students and faculty in whatever is going on in their lives. When employers are sensitive to family and personal issues, people are kept in the workforce.

17:34 What strategies do you use to keep expenses down?

Lauri emphasizes how important it was to let go of the stigma of needing help and asking for help. Before graduate school, Lauri had a stable position in industry and an income to support herself and her daughter. Graduate school brought a drastic change in income which was difficult to accept and deal with. To achieve her goal of getting a PhD, she had to use university and community resources.

Lauri uses the food bank on campus, and has let go of the stigma of actually going to food bank. Food insecurity is not only experienced by people with families. It is an all too common issue being discussed at many universities. Over half of Lauri’s income goes to rent, and there is no way for her to make that better. Lauri says one way to supplement her income is in food assistance. She says she has to accept that this is where she’s at right now. Oregon State University manages a twitter account @eatfreeOSU that provides centralized posts of where there is leftover free food from events. Some people rely on free food from seminars.

Lauri gets some funding through the SNAP food assistance program. She applied online, which she says was a fairly easy process, and had a phone interview. She had to prove her income initially and again every six months or whenever her income changes. SNAP benefits are for her daughter, not for use by her. The State of Oregon provides information for SNAP online. Oregon State University’s Human Services Resource Center is very helpful for students. Not every university has a centralized center for finding food assistance.

Lauri is enrolled in Mealbux, a university program funded by student fees. She applies every term. The application is a questionnaire about a student’s income and food insecurity situation. The funds are loaded onto the student id card for use on campus. This assistance is specifically for Lauri. Mealbux helps with a student’s sense of belonging on campus.

Lauri recently moved her daughter to school closer to home. At this new school, her daughter participates in free lunch program. Lauri has a car that is very old so she doesn’t have car payment. She rarely uses her car and expects it to break down anytime. She uses her bicycle to get around. She knows food expenses are hard to minimize.

Lauri finds community resources in many places. Local parks and recreation department has scholarships available, such as one that allowed them membership to community pool. Her daughter gets scholarships to take classes, like dance class or painting class. These are things Lauri wouldn’t be able to afford otherwise. Another resource is the Arts for All programs that provide inexpensive tickets to theater events. Lauri says don’t be afraid to apply for help and scholarships. She wants to give her daughter opportunities that she can’t afford on her own. She’s always looking for resources and she’s not afraid to take advantage of available programs.

30:30 Why have you chosen to this frugal strategy instead of taking out student loans?

Lauri has debt from her undergraduate education. These loans are deferred, but they are looming over her. She does not want to contribute more than she absolutely has to. She did take out a few loans to help transition into the PhD program. She has $30,000 loans for undergrad, and she’d rather make sacrifices now than contribute more to debt.

Lauri used to make living wage and be comfortable. Her goal isn’t to increase her wages with her PhD. Her field, plant pathology, is not known for high wages. She wants to be open to a postdoc position after graduate school. She expects to make similar wages as she did in the industry job she had with a Bachelors degree. She went to graduate school for education, fulfillment, and opportunity. When she finishes her PhD, she won’t make a lot of money that she can use to pay off debt. Emily adds that it’s challenging to pay off debt at any time.

33:55 Final Comments

Lauri advises graduate student parents to take advantage of resources. Search for them, ask about them, and talk to others about possible benefits. By diving into resources, you’ll become aware of more. She believes that getting a PhD is worth the financial sacrifice. Though it is a financial challenge, don’t give up on your dreams.

34:55 Conclusion

The First Step to Complete Your Grad Student Tax Return (2018)

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There is one vital step grad students need to take when starting to prepare their tax returns. It’s a super simple step, but most often overlooked, and skipping it can lead to an inaccurate return or even overpaying tax. This is the step that you take before you start feeding any numbers to your 1040, your tax software, or your tax preparer, and it is to find and categorize all of your income sources (funded grad students have at least two!).

If you found this video insightful and you want to take the next step to completing your tax return – including one trick to reduce your tax due that your tax software or tax preparer can easily miss – register for my workshop, “How to Complete Your 2019 PhD Trainee Tax Return (and Understand It, Too!).”

grad student tax return step

Can a PhD Achieve FIRE?

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Would you like for paid work to become optional for the rest of your life? What would you do with your time if you didn’t have to work? When you become “financially independent,” you have enough money and passive income streams to sustain you for the rest of your life without earning any more. At that point, you have the option of retiring (whether or not you actually do). Achieving this goal in youth or middle age instead of 65 is the objective of adherents of the FIRE movement (Financial Independence / Retire Early). Typically, FIRE walkers earn high salaries and save a radically large percentage of their income. This article explores whether FIRE is a good or reasonable goal for a PhD (graduate student, postdoc, or PhD with a Real Job) to set.

Can PhD FIRE

 

Further listening: This Prof Used Geographic Arbitrage to Design Her Ideal Career and Personal Life

What Is the FIRE Movement?

The FIRE movement (or at least the current iteration of the trend) started to gain traction within the last decade. Two of the fathers of the movement who documented their FIRE journeys on popular blogs are Jacob Lund Fisker (Early Retirement Extreme) and Pete Adeney (Mr. Money Mustache). They both advocate establishing a very frugal lifestyle to 1) save a high percentage of your income while working and 2) minimize the size of the nest egg needed to retire from paid work.

Now that the FIRE movement has gained popularity, it has diversified (it’s not just for young, single, male tech workers!) and splintered. One of the useful delineations is among ‘lean FIRE,’ ‘FIRE,’ and ‘fat FIRE.’ Roughly speaking, lean FIRE adherents seek to achieve FIRE primarily through expense minimization (and a high salary as well) while fat FIRE adherents seek to achieve FIRE primarily through vastly out-earning their spending (and keeping a lid on expenses as well), with regular FIRE falling somewhere in the middle.

Why Would a PhD Want to FIRE?

A person who completes a PhD has passion for her work (as well as incredible perseverance). I find it hard to imagine that such a person would want to retire early from her chosen field – especially those pursuing a life of the mind in academia.

But people who complete PhDs are also people. They end up in all types of jobs with all levels of job satisfaction. Even those with high job satisfaction might want to escape the demands of full-time work.

Even if retiring early is not attractive, becoming financially independent may be. Once you are financially independent, even if you keep working, you don’t have to be concerned about losing your job or put up with a job that’s no longer a good fit. Even during the journey to FIRE, you will have a much, much greater degree of financial security than most Americans, which brings peace of mind.

How Do You FIRE?

While difficult and rare to achieve, the mechanism of becoming FIRE is easy to understand.

To become financially independent (from active work), you need to have investments and/or passive income streams that will pay for your expenses in perpetuity. I’ll focus this discussion on the investments needed rather than the passive income streams.

Basically, to achieve FIRE, you need a nest egg of investments that is large enough that you can withdraw what you need to live on each year without eating into the principal. The higher your living expenses, the larger the nest egg you need to support them in perpetuity.

FIRE adherents usually follow the “4% Rule,” also called the Safe Withdrawal Rate (SWR), or perhaps a more conservative 3% or 3.5% Rule. The 4% Rule means that withdrawing 4% of your portfolio balance each year gives you a very good chance of your portfolio not running out of money prior to your death; it is based on historical market returns. (Early retirees may adjust this rule to be more conservative due to their post-FIRE life expectancy being longer than a typical retirement.)

The 4% Rule shows you the two vital factors to FIRE: size of your nest egg and yearly living expenses. Therefore, to achieve FIRE you must save (invest) a lot of money and keep your living expenses in check. For example, for a household with $50,000 in yearly living expenses, a portfolio of $1,250,000 is needed.

A person pursuing LeanFIRE will primarily focus on minimizing living expenses. The rough definition of LeanFIRE is living expenses of under $40,000/year or a portfolio of $1,000,000. A person pursuing FatFIRE will primarily focus on building a large portfolio. The rough definition of FatFIRE is a portfolio of over $2,500,000 or living expenses of at least $100,000/year.

There is a delightful synergy between the necessarily high savings rate and necessarily low expenses. Given a static income, the less you spend on living expenses, the higher your savings rate can become, enabling you to achieve FIRE even faster. Mr. Money Mustache published in “The Shockingly Simple Math Behind Early Retirement” a set of ratios that illustrates the relationship between savings rate and years of saving needed until the SWR could be achieved. For example, with a savings rate of 10%, you need 51 years to save before you can retire, but that drops to 22 years with a savings rate of 40% and 8.5 years with a savings rate of 70%.

Because the key to achieving FIRE is an unusually (to say the least) high savings rate, it is almost exclusively pursued by high income earners. There is a floor on how low you can drop your living expenses (although that varies person to person), so if your income doesn’t exceed your expenses by much, achieving the “E” in FIRE becomes a remote possibility.

Can PhDs FIRE?

PhDs can FIRE if they commit to the process, but they have challenges that are not shared by their peers from college who went immediately into high-paying careers. (It has been done; Jacob Lund Fisker has a PhD and retired at age 33.)

The ideal path for someone pursuing FIRE is to obtain a high-paying job immediately upon completion of their education at 18 or 22, commit to a low-cost lifestyle, set up a radically high savings rate into investments, and keep the pedal to the metal until FIRE is achieved, for instance by age 30 or 35.

A PhD becomes derailed from this ideal path upon entering graduate school. Unless he previously set up massive passive income streams, a grad student’s income is nowhere near large enough to achieve a high savings rate (even if you live in a van like Ken Ilgunas did at Duke). This means that pursuing FIRE with a high savings rate will have to wait until landing a post-PhD Real Job.

However, the graduate school experience offers a unique advantage to FIRE: A necessarily low lifestyle. The $40,000/year maximum living expense for the definition of LeanFIRE is much higher than what virtually every graduate student takes home after paying income tax. Even a couple living the graduate student lifestyle can usually spend less than that amount.

Further reading: What Grad Students Can Learn from the FIRE Movement

A PhD also confers the possibility of a high income. While PhDs are not needed in currently high-paying careers such as finance, medicine (some specialties), computer science, and engineering, a person with a PhD does on average earn much more in a lifetime than the average person with less education, and people with PhDs can absolutely land well-paying jobs.

Therefore, a PhD maintaining her grad school lifestyle (more or less) while earning a high salary post-PhD is a recipe for FIRE, albeit starting in earnest closer to age 30 than age 20. A LeanFIRE early retirement can still be achieved within a short period, and of course she could opt for FatFIRE if her income is generous enough.

However, a graduate student (or postdoc) who commits to FIRE can go further than this default:

  1. Instead of living at 100% of net income during graduate school, save (invest) as much as possible. This will have the dual effect of further lowering living expenses and getting a head start on building your nest egg.
  2. Experiment with frugality to discover whether you want to ultimately pursue LeanFIRE, FIRE, or FatFIRE. You may decide that living below a graduate student’s means is not what you want long-term.
  3. Finish your training as quickly as possible to increase your income as early as possible. Prepare yourself to land a high-paying job through professional development and networking.

Further reading: Whether You Save During Grad School Can Have a $1,000,000 Effect on Your Retirement

What Is Your Reason to FIRE?

Ultimately, it’s vital to have clarity on why you want to pursue FIRE. It’s easy to become consumed by the numbers and the process and lose track of your motivation along the way. Sometimes it’s possible to achieve aspects of the FIRE lifestyle without actually being FIRE, and I think that’s particularly true for PhDs who have a lot of transferrable skills and potential for autonomy. Remember the parable of the fisherman and the businessman. Just like you shouldn’t put your “Real Life” on hold during graduate school, you shouldn’t put your Real Life on hold while building up to FIRE.

If you are a PhD (-in-training) and seriously pursuing FIRE, I’d love to interview you on my podcast! Please fill out this form to volunteer.

An Unfunded Summer Didn’t Deter this PhD Student Thanks to Her Creative Side Hustle

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In this episode, Emily interviews Bailey Poland, a rising second-year PhD student in rhetoric and writing at Bowling Green State University. Bailey earns a stipend of just $14,000 for the academic year, but manages to live a comfortable life thanks to her disciplined budgeting and two side hustles. Unlike many of her classmates, she devoted her first summer as a PhD student exclusively to research, relying on her side hustle income and savings from her stipend to tide her over until the next academic year started. Emily and Bailey discuss in detail Bailey’s housing choice, frugal habits, and unique Patreon side hustle that complements her graduate work.

Links mentioned in episode

unfunded summer PhD

0:00 Introduction

1:26 Q1: Please Introduce Yourself

Bailey Poland is a second year PhD student in the Rhetoric and Writing program at Bowling Green State University. Bowling Green is a city in Ohio, located to the south of Toledo, Ohio. Bailey’s stipend is $14,000 per academic year. Additionally, Bailey earns $460 per month from Patreon and $150 quarterly from copy-editing a music magazine focused on Texas. She is the only person in her household.

Bailey’s PhD stipend does not include summer funding. She budgets savings over the academic year in order to meet her expenses over the summer.

3:25 Q2: What are your five largest expenses each month?

Bailey’s largest expenses are rent at $600 per month, car payment at $200 per month, health insurance and fees at $400 per month, food at $150 to $200 per month, and car insurance at $112 per month.

4:14 #1 Expense: Rent

Bailey rents a two bedroom apartment for $600 per month. She says this rate is higher than other options available in Bowling Green. She looked at options for rent at rates of $350 to $450 per month, but these apartments were in poor quality or clearly undergraduate housing. Bailey used to own a house, so she approached her apartment search with those expectations.

Bailey’s apartment is in downtown Bowling Green. She walks to campus, so she doesn’t use her car or have a university parking pass. She drives to the grocery store, but she lives above a coffee shop. She thinks she is in the perfect location. She lives by herself in the two-bedroom apartment, so she sleeps in the smaller bedroom and uses the extra bedroom as her office and library.

6:18 #2 Expense: Car Payment

Bailey pays $200 per month for her car. She has a 2017 vehicle that she bought new. She traded in her older Toyota Corolla when she bought her new car. Due to unfortunate family circumstances, Bailey received money from inheritance and estate closure. She used this money for her car payments. She has stayed ahead of interest and has gotten ahead on payments.

8:06 #3 Expense: Health Insurance and Fees

Bailey pays health and insurance and fees in lump sums a couple times a year. The amount works out to about $400 per month. She uses her credit card to make the payment at the start of each semester, but she pays it off immediately. Her credit card pays back 1.5% so she received a small kickback. Generally, she doesn’t keep a balance on her credit card so she avoids interest payments.

She made her first health insurance and fees payment before she received any of her graduate school stipend. Because she formerly worked as a marketing analyst for global HR and payroll company, she had enough savings available to make this payment when she started graduate school. She chose to go to graduate school because she was much happier in a classroom than behind a desk in a corporate office.

10:25 #4 Expense: Food

Bailey pays $150 to $200 per month for food, which includes groceries and dining out. She plans and prepares meals ahead of time. She cooks two or three times a week and freezes leftovers. She takes food with her to campus.

She has a limited set of go-to recipes. One of her favorites is chile garlic tofu. She says the meal is filling and takes half an hour to prepare. She gets four meals from one block of tofu. She eats lots of eggs, pasta, and rice-based meals. Her vegetarian cooking has increased since she started PhD program.

Bailey learned meal preparation from trial and error in the first few months of graduate school. She figured out which meals took too long or she didn’t like enough to have leftover. She used the Budget Bites website to find recipes. She cooks on the free nights of her week, because she knows which nights she’ll want to eat dinner as soon as she gets home. Bailey is on campus from 8am to 6pm most of the week. The latest she gets home is 7pm or 8pm. She takes lunch and a small snack with her to campus, and she eats dinner at home.

14:51 #5 Expense: Car Insurance

When Bailey purchased her new car, her car insurance rate increased from $85 per month to $130 per month. She has a plug-in for diagnostics of her driving habit, which lowered her insurance rate to $112 per month. She only regularly drives to and from the grocery store, which is a 10 minute drive. She also drives to her mom’s house, which is 30 minutes away and all highway driving.

Bailey says graduate students can get by without a car in Bowling Green. In her PhD cohort, at least one person doesn’t have a car. Busses run regularly to and from campus. Grocery stores deliver for a fee. Local activities are accessible to pedestrians. Bowling Green does not have cabs, Uber, or Lyft. It is pretty rural. Bailey needs a car to leave town to see her family.

18:10 Can you tell us about your side hustles?

Bailey has two separate side hustles. For one, Bailey copy edits a magazine about the country music scene in Texas. She missed doing copy-editing work, so she posted on Twitter that she was looking for an opportunity. Someone from the magazine responded to her and said they’d pay her to copy edit. Bailey has had this side hustle for three years. She receives $150 every few months and she has learned a lot about a topic that is unfamiliar to her.

For another, Bailey uses Patreon, the crowdfunding platform for artists and creators. She receives $460 each month from Patreon. She got started after she defended her Master’s thesis and she quit her corporate job earlier than she had planned. She was working at a bookstore and she needed more income. Some of her friends had Patreon, so she was familiar with the platform. Bailey started by doing live readings of The Rhetorical Tradition, like live tweeting her readings with funny commentary. People got invested in her live readings and she transitioned the activity to Patreon. Reading The Rhetorical Tradition was a really long project. She planned in advance and read as much as possible during the summer so she wouldn’t need to read during her first graduate school semester. She planned to post about The Rhetorical Tradition on Monday and Friday, post photos of her mom’s three cats on Tuesday and Thursday, and post an essay style blog post on Wednesdays. She only writes one or two truly new posts per month. With her PhD work, she doesn’t have time to write four or five new posts a month. Recently she has started a new reading series that overlaps with her prelim list for her PhD. She is gaining familiarity with texts in her field, having interesting conversations with her patrons, and making some money.

Bailey has created a very niche platform. Starting a Patreon was a huge leap of faith. She used to be super active on Twitter with a group of 18,000 followers. She authored a book, which helped her gain an audience invested in her thoughts. She trusted that her audience would move with her from Twitter to Patreon. She front loaded the work during the summer, so during her first semester it was more like a passive income stream. Now it serves multiple purposes for her. She finds it fulfilling that her academic work is accessible to the public. Her work lately is archival, and through Patreon she can share what it’s like to work in an archive. Bailey finds joy in her patrons and appreciates that they pay for her to do this work.

26:35 How do your colleagues react to your side hustle? Do they take on side hustles?

Bailey says her colleagues know and are supportive. For example, Bailey did a public series on Patreon that was a reflection on teaching practices she learned at Bowling Green. Her program’s website’s homepage included a link to her series. Generally, PhD students are discouraged from outside work because they should focus on doctoral work, but her department gives no formal prohibition of outside work. Most other graduate students have some other work, though it may not be talked about.

During the summer, other PhD students in her department find jobs. Some find online teaching roles, and one is working in the garden center at Lowe’s Hardware Store. One is going to a writers retreat that comes with a stipend. PhD students with spouses don’t work or find part time work.

29:28 Q4: What are you currently doing to further your financial goals?

Bailey has a 401k from her corporate job that she will roll into a Roth IRA over the next few years. She has investments with Betterment that serve as her long-term emergency funds. She has a high earnings online savings account as her primary emergency fund. Her goal is to have three months of expenses saved, and she is $600 short of her goal. Generally, her goal is to have her retirement well planned. She wants to be in academia long term, but she can’t be certain about this path. She wants security and confidence during her job search. Having savings going into graduate school frees up opportunities.

During her first summer as a PhD student, Bailey is working on archival projects and taking a class. During the school year, Bailey has multiple things going on, like classes, teachers, committees, conference planning. Summer is really valuable to devote focused attention to a project. In subsequent summers, it is possible she will take teaching jobs.

34:30 Q4: What don’t you spend money on that might surprise people?

Bailey doesn’t have student loans. She paid all of her loans within two years after undergrad. She hasn’t taken out any loans for higher education. Because she went to a State school, had scholarship, and finished in three years, she had very manageable loans from her undergraduate education. She took a job after college right away.

She has stopped buying books, which is hard for her personally. Even if she buys used books, it adds up quickly. She tries to keep miscellaneous spending low every month. She used to buy $200 to $300 worth of books every month, now she just buys one book a month. She checks out a lot of books from the library, and she lives less than a block from local public library

She doesn’t spend a lot on hobbies. She likes to cross stitch. This is inexpensive and takes a long time. She can spend $20 on one project that entertains her for five months. She has hobbies that help her relax and are not difficult for her budget.

39:00 Q5: What are you happy with in your spending and what would you like to change?

Bailey’s rent is higher than she wants to pay and is more than what others pay. She negotiated for lower increase rate when she renewed her lease. She’s considering doing a spending fast over the summer because she has no stipend coming in. She wants to minimize the hit that her savings is taking. She can find entertainment in Bowling Green for free. For example, there is a huge arts community and a massive arts festival.

42:12 Q6: What is your best advice for someone new to your city who is budget-conscious?

Bailey recommends that someone new to Bowling Green shops around for a place to live. There a lot of good options. Graduate student housing is affordable and it is easy to find a roommate. She says to look for an apartment as early as possible. She started looking in July, which limited her options. She would have looked earlier if she knew.

She advises new PhD students in Bowling Green to plan on saving. She says make sure you have cushion before you get here. Graduate school is stressful enough without living paycheck to paycheck. You should get rid of debt completely if you can.

44:22 Q7: Would you like to make any other comments on what it takes to get by where you live on what you earn?

Bailey says it is definitely possible to live in Bowling Green frugally and have a good time. She says there is always stuff happening that’s free or inexpensive. Toledo is a twenty to thirty minute drive. It may not be possible to live on the stipend alone, but you don’t need much more. Bowling Green has a low cost of living and is a college town invested in the university community.

45:22 Conclusion