I hope that this is news to no one in the US: Grad student stipends are taxable and so is postdoc income, even if you don’t have taxes withheld or receive an official tax form! You may feel that it’s adding insult to injury to have to pay tax on a lower income, and it is possible that you will not owe any tax if your income is low enough and/or you have enough credits and deductions, but you should still prepare a tax return every year. You need to start from the assumption that all of your income is taxable and use your tax return to reduce your tax burden as much as you can. (This post focuses on US federal taxes for citizens/residents, though international students and postdocs paid in the US will benefit as well.)

A version of this post first appeared on GradHacker.

Further reading:

• Do I Have to Pay Income Tax?
• Grad Student Tax Lie #4: You Don’t Owe Any Taxes Because You Didn’t Receive Any Official Tax Forms
• Grad Student Tax Lie #5: If Nothing Was Withheld, You Don’t Owe Any Tax

Early-career PhDs can turn to one of four sources to prepare their tax returns: themselves, tax software, a relative or friend, or a professional tax preparer. There are pros and cons to each method, and the ultimate choice of which method(s) to use will depend on the complexity of your tax situation, the resources available to you, and your willingness to learn about this important subject.

Further reading: How Do I Prepare My Taxes during Filing Season?

One very important point to know about your tax return is that you are ultimately responsible for its accuracy. That means that whatever method you use, you must check your tax return through to make sure everything is correct. If you have no knowledge of taxes or have been misled by common tax lies told to graduate students, that will be very difficult; identifying all your income sources properly will be challenging and incompetence on the part of your tax preparer may slip by you.

Further reading: Grad Students, Don’t Believe these Tax Lies!

Your tax return is also only as good as the data you provide to it (GIGO!). If you overlook a part of your income, for instance because you received no official tax form for it, it doesn’t matter what method you use – your tax return will be inaccurate. This is particularly a problem for grad students. Take the time before you even choose your method to assess what sources of income you had and what forms you have or have not received for them. You can learn all about how to handle your various sources of grad student and postdoc income in my free tax webinar this week, which will be helpful no matter which method you ultimately use to prepare your tax return.

Further reading: How to Prepare Your Grad Student Tax Return

Prepare Your Tax Return Manually

Believe it or not, often the quickest and easiest way to prepare your tax return is to just do it yourself, manually. This is particularly true if you have a simple tax situation, as many young people do. It will probably take an investment of several hours to understand the tax code at a high level and how your income and expenses fit into it the first time you prepare your own tax return. However, subsequent simple or slightly more complicated tax returns should be very quick! (Tip: Instead of using paper and ink, prepare your tax return with the IRS’s Free Fillable Forms.)

Pros:

• If you learn about the tax code well enough to prepare a simple return (and really, all it takes is the ability to follow instructions and do arithmetic), you will go through your life with far more knowledge about income taxes than the average citizen. Taxes do not have to be mystifying.
• Only costs your time.

Cons:

• You don’t know what you don’t know. Without a knowledgeable source keeping an eye on your return, you may miss details such as a credit or deduction that you are eligible for.
• You may make a mistake, either because of your lack of knowledge and experience or simply a math error.

Prepare Your Tax Return Using Tax Software

I’d bet that the majority of early-career PhDs use tax software (e.g., TurboTax, TaxACT, H&R Block) to prepare their returns. It’s a low-cost way of generating a meticulously prepared return. (Tip: The IRS provides free tax software to individuals who earned less than $66,000 in 2017.)

This is the trickiest method to use if you don’t understand your various sources of income well because without tax forms associated with some of the you may accidentally omit or misrepresent them. Software also tends to misinterpret some forms grad students commonly receive, such as categorizing grad students who receive 1099-MISCs as self-employed. Graduate students and postdocs will probably struggle the most with understanding how to enter their non-compensatory pay (fellowships and scholarships), depending on the documentation they receive.

Further reading: Grad Student Tax Lie #2: You Received a 1099-MISC; You Are Self-Employed

Pros:

• Often free, and if not still relatively low-cost.
• Generally thorough and trustworthy if you enter your data correctly.

Cons:

• Can be more time-consuming to answer the software’s thorough questioning than just skipping to the relevant data entry points if you have a simple situation.
• The software is not designed with grad student income in mind, so it can be difficult or confusing to enter non-compensatory pay, depending on the forms or lack of forms your university sends you.
• Perhaps not sufficient for complicated tax situations.

Get a Relative or Friend to Prepare Your Tax Return

It’s fairly common for parents or relatives to (help) prepare children’s tax returns while they are dependents, and it may be tempting to continue that trend into grad school (or beyond!). However, this method suffers from the combined downsides of all the other methods while removing your direct oversight of the situation.

Pros:

• Likely free and a low time investment.
• He/she is probably more generally knowledgeable about the tax code than you are.

Cons:

• While your parents may be competent in preparing their own tax returns as employees or business owners and yours as a college student, they have likely never been exposed to the unusual income reporting strategies employed by universities with respect to their grad students and postdocs.
• You still have to know enough about the tax code to check their work.

Outsource Your Tax Return to a Professional Tax Preparer

I have to admit a bit of bias against using a professional tax preparer as a grad student, unless your life is so complicated that you need one and you have been assured that they know how to handle grad student income. For postdocs and early-career PhDs who receive compensatory pay, professional tax preparers should be quite competent, and probably more needed as your financial life gains complexity. As a person who speaks and writes about personal finance professionally, I have heard many, many horror stories of professional tax preparers bungling grad student income tax returns, causing the grad student to radically over- or underpay their taxes and forcing them to file amended returns once they catch the mistake – and those are just from the grad students who did catch the mistake (or who described the situation well enough for me to catch it)! I’m sure there are also many cases where everything went perfectly with the return, but I don’t tend to hear about those. The point is that grad students are not a common client type for professional tax preparers, so they are not necessarily knowledgeable about the special situation and may not notice the nuances or take the time to learn about them. Again, the responsibility is still on your shoulders to ensure the correctness of the return.

Further reading: How to Work with a Tax Preparer when You Have Fellowship and/or Scholarship Income

Pros:

• Thorough, and possibly the best option for complicated tax situations.
• Low time investment.

Cons:

• Most expensive option unless you use some sort of free clinic.
• As they are usually unfamiliar with grad student taxes (unless you screened for this), you still have to know enough about the tax code to check their work.

Conclusion

Everyone should know what information should be included in their tax returns, roughly how to calculate their taxable income, and where their income should be reported on a 1040 (or equivalent). This is the basic amount of information needed to generate and check a tax return with respect to your income. I’ll add on here that to be an informed citizen you should also know the difference between a deduction and credit and how marginal tax brackets work.

Further reading: Marginal Tax Brackets, Deductions, and Credits Explained Graphically

If you have a simple life (e.g., not itemizing deductions, not self-employed), it may be worthwhile to invest the time necessary to prepare your return manually this year, because learning that much will be a real time-saver in years to come. Alternatively, you can use tax software in an early year to help you learn about the tax code, and once you’ve grasped the concepts, use them in future years to prepare your return manually.

If you have a complicated life (e.g., itemizing deductions, marriage and children, home ownership, self-employment, investment income, traditional retirement accounts), it’s probably not worth your time to prepare your return yourself with confidence that you haven’t missed anything (unless you enjoy doing it yourself), so paying for tax software or a tax preparer is likely the better choice.

Whatever you do, don’t wait until April 16 to start preparing your taxes using any of these methods!

Further reading: How to Prepare Your Grad Student Tax Return

My Choice

My method of choice during grad school and since has been to prepare my tax return manually and using tax software each year. First, I draft my return myself, which necessitates learning a little something new about the tax code. Second, I use tax software to prepare my return, which alerts me to anything I overlooked that I could incorporate into my manual return. Third, I submit the manual return I prepared – I have more confidence in the correctness of that version!

It’s common for funded graduate students to be a bit intimidated by preparing their own tax returns, particularly if they are inexperienced in doing so. The sources of PhD student funding, namely fellowship stipends and the scholarships that pay tuition and fees, are rather unusual, so most people and even most professional tax preparers don’t have any experience with them. The strategies that apply for undergraduate-level taxes are pretty different from those that apply for graduate-level taxes. But learning how to prepare your grad student tax return isn’t actually difficult, nor are the resulting steps complicated. There’s no reason to be intimidated! This post covers the essential points you need to know to prepare your grad student tax return, whether you do it manually, with tax software, or with the help of another person.

This post is for tax year 2017. This post only covers federal tax due for domestic graduate students in the United States; you may have additional state and local tax due. I am detailing only the aspects of preparing your grad student tax return that are specific to higher education; I am not covering more general tax information that applies to the population at large.

This post has been updated from its original form to reflect the relevant tax law changes implemented by the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018, which was passed on 2/9/2018. As of 2/20/2018, the 2017 version of Publication 970 had not yet been updated to reflect the extension of the Tuition and Fees Deduction, so I used the 2016 version of Publication 970 to prepare this post.

Preliminary Remarks

This post is a step-by-step guide on how to prepare your grad student tax return. I want to clear up some confusion right up front so that you can work your way through the guide without becoming sidetracked.

All of your income is potentially taxable. The purpose of your tax return is to show that you don’t have to pay tax on all of it. What graduate students don’t often realize is that they have income sources aside from the one(s) that hit their bank accounts or are reported on official tax documents, and they need to deal with those incomes on their tax returns.

You have your stipend/salary that serves as your take-home pay, and this is potentially taxable, even if you don’t receive an official tax form about it and you didn’t have any taxes withheld. In fact, I’ll say you’re very likely to end up owing tax on it unless it’s quite low and/or you have a lot of tax deductions/exemptions/credits.

You also have another kind of income if you are funded: the money that pays your tuition and fees. Even if this money never passes through your personal bank account, it does pass through your student account, and it also is potentially taxable. There is a very high chance you can use an education tax benefit to reduce your taxable income and/or reduce your tax due, but you have to sit down and do the arithmetic on it, not just assume that you won’t owe any tax on it. (In fact, doing the arithmetic might help you pay even less tax than ignoring it!) This guide shows you exactly how to do that.

Further reading:

• Weird Tax Situations for Fully Funded Graduate Students
• Weird Tax Situations for Fellowship Recipients
• Grad Student Tax Lie #1: You Don’t Have to Pay Income Tax
• Grad Student Tax Lie #4: You Don’t Owe Any Tax Because You Didn’t Receive Any Official Tax Forms
• Grad Student Tax Lie #5: If Nothing Was Withheld, You Don’t Owe Any Tax

Collect All Your Income Sources

The first step to prepare your grad student tax return, and any tax return, is to collect all your income sources. These income sources include wages as well as non-wage income such as interest and investment income and self-employment income, but does not include loan disbursements.

With respect to your grad student status, you have income sources that are unusual and may be officially reported to you or not (so check for all of them):

1. Your TA/RA pay will be reported to you on a W-2.
2. Your fellowship stipend may be reported to you on a 1098-T in Box 5, on a 1099-MISC in Box 3, on a courtesy letter, or not at all. If your university does not send you any documentation of your fellowship income for 2017, you have to sum all the payments you received to figure out what it was.
3. Your scholarship/grant income (i.e., the money that paid your tuition and fees), may be reported to you on a 1098-T in Box 5 or not at all. If you did not receive a 1098-T from your university, you should look at the transactions in your student account (e.g., Bursar’s account, Cashier’s account) to see the money posted there on your behalf.

Further reading:

• The Five Numbers Required for a Complete Grad Student Tax Return
• What Is a 1098-T?
• What Is a 1099-MISC?
• What Is a Courtesy Letter?
• Grad Student Tax Lie #2: You Received a 1099-MISC; You Are Self-Employed

At this stage, you may be thinking that the total of all this income is way too high. There’s no way you want to pay tax on all this income! Stick with me: We are going to reduce either your taxable income or your tax due in a subsequent step. But for now, work with all of your incomes.

Categorize Your Income

Your grad student income (assistantship pay, fellowships, and scholarships/grants) falls into two broad categories: compensatory and non-compensatory income. Compensatory income is easy to define, as you will receive a W-2 for it. (This rule is with respect to your three sources of grad student income only; other types of income could be compensatory but not associated with a W-2, such as self-employment income.) Non-compensatory income is best defined as any grad student-related income that is not compensatory (reported somewhere other than a W-2 or not reported). According to the IRS, it is “various types of educational assistance you may receive if you are studying, teaching, or researching in the United States… scholarships, fellowship grants, need-based education grants, qualified tuition reductions” (Publication 970 p. 5), but the way the IRS uses those terms doesn’t completely match how we use the terms in academia.

Decide Which Education Tax Benefit(s) to Use on Your Grad Student Tax Return

For tax year 2017, there are three relevant education tax benefits that you can access to reduce your tax burden: making non-compensatory pay tax-free, the Tuition and Fees Deduction, and the Lifetime Learning Credit. You use your qualified education expenses (QEEs) to take a deduction (by either making your non-compensatory pay tax-free or taking the Tuition and Fees Deduction) or take a credit  (by taking the Lifetime Learning Credit). A tax deduction reduces your taxable income, while a tax credit reduces your tax due directly. You can make your non-compensatory pay tax-free in coordination with either but not both of the Tuition and Fees Deduction or the Lifetime Learning Credit, although you have to use different QEEs.

Qualified Education Expenses

The definition of a QEE changes slightly for each tax benefit.

Even though the same term, such as qualified education expenses, is used to label a basic component of many of the education benefits, the same expenses aren’t necessarily allowed for each benefit. Publication 970 p. 4

Tuition at an eligible education institution is a QEE for all three tax benefits (although to make non-compensatory pay tax-free you have to be a degree candidate). “Required fees” are QEEs for making non-compensatory pay tax-free. The Tuition and Fees Deduction uses the wording “certain related expenses required for enrollment or attendance” for QEEs. The Lifetime Learning Credit uses the wording “the fees and expenses [that] must be paid to the institution for enrollment or attendance” to define a QEE. Other fees and expenses beyond tuition may be QEEs; you should refer to the definition of a QEE with respect to each benefit.

If you received a 1098-T from your university, Box 1 or Box 2 will contain the sum of the QEEs that were processed by the office at your university that prepared the form. You may have additional QEEs not reported on a 1098-T. However, if Box 7 is checked, you may need to adjust the number in Box 1 / Box 2 by pulling some of the QEEs forward into the subsequent tax year to match when their corresponding scholarship was posted.

Further reading: What Is a 1098-T?

Whether you received a 1098-T or not, you should examine the transactions in your student account to make the final determination about the qualified education expenses that were processed by that office.

You may have additional QEEs not reported on your 1098-T or in your student account, such as required course-related expenses (keep your receipts!).

Make Non-Compensatory Pay Tax-Free

The non-compensatory pay that you receive can directly cancel against your QEEs to become tax-free. For example, if the tuition that you are charged and the scholarship or tuition reduction that pays it are exactly the same amount, they net to zero and you won’t be taxed on that portion of your non-compensatory pay. In fact, you don’t even have to show the IRS this calculation; you only have to report the portion of your non-compensatory pay that exceeds your QEEs.

The definition of a QEE to make non-compensatory pay tax-free is (excerpted from Publication 970 Chapter 1):

The ability to net a portion of your non-compensatory pay against its corresponding QEE is why it’s important that the two occur in the same tax year. If a QEE for January to March 2018 was charged just before the end of 2017 but your scholarship/etc. that paid it wasn’t posted until 2018, you should account for the QEE alongside the scholarship in 2018 instead of 2017. So if you received a 1098-T and Box 7 was checked, you’ll need to adjust the number in Box 1 / Box 2 instead of reporting it on your tax return as is.

Further reading: Grad Student Tax Lie #3: You Can Deduct Tuition, Even If You Didn’t Pay It

Tuition and Fees Deduction

The Tuition and Fees Deduction reduces your taxable income. It is an above-the-line deduction, which means that you don’t have to itemize your deductions to take it. Because it has the equivalent effect on your ultimate tax due of making your non-compensatory pay tax-free using your QEEs, it should only be applied when the amount of your QEEs is greater than the amount of your non-compensatory pay.

You can deduct the amount of your QEEs up to $4,000 from your income, and the modified adjust gross income phase-out for this deduction begins at $65,000 for a single person and $130,000 for a married couple filing jointly.

The definition of a QEE for the Tuition and Fees Deduction is (excerpted from Publication 970 Chapter 6):

Because of the $4,000 limit and income phase-outs, if it is preferable for you to take a deduction using your QEEs (over taking the Lifetime Learning Credit), you should first make as much of your non-compensatory pay tax-free as possible before using any remaining QEEs for the Tuition and Fees Deduction (which at that point will effectively make a portion of your compensatory pay tax-free).

If you take the Tuition and Fees Deduction, you must fill out and file Form 8917.

Lifetime Learning Credit

The Lifetime Learning Credit reduces your tax burden and may be beneficial to apply if 1) your QEEs exceed your non-compensatory pay and/or 2) a 20% credit is more valuable to you than a deduction.

The Lifetime Learning Credit is a 20% credit; that means that if you use $1,000 in QEE expenses for the Lifetime Learning Credit, your tax due will be reduced by $200. There is a $10,000 limit on QEEs that can be used for the Lifetime Learning Credit, so the maximum benefit is $2,000 even if you have additional QEEs.

The modified adjust gross income phase-out for this deduction begins at $56,000 for a single person and $112,000 for a married couple filing jointly.

The definition of a QEE for the Lifetime Learning Credit is (excerpted from Publication 970 Chapter 3):

If you take the Lifetime Learning Credit, you must fill out and file Form 8863.

How to Decide Which Tax Benefit to Prioritize on Your Grad Student Tax Return

This section has been updated to reflect the extension of the Tuition and Fees Deduction passed by Congress on 2/9/2018. While it’s a good thing that there is another deduction available because it will reduce the tax liability for some taxpayers, it does vastly complicate the decision of which education benefit to use. Brace yourself!

Do you remember how on multiple choice tests you are instructed to choose the “best” answer, not necessary the (one and only) “correct” answer? There are multiple acceptable ways to prepare your grad student tax return. At the end of the day, you can figure out the “best” answer – the one that results in the lowest tax burden for you – but it may very well take calculating your tax due with each of the different approaches. I don’t blame you if you value simplicity/time efficiency over knocking those last few dollars off your tax due and choose the simplest approach instead of the most optimal one.

This section assumes that you are eligible for all of the education tax benefits (based on your income, the status of your educational institution, your student status, etc.); if you are ineligible for one or more, that makes the decision all the easier.

If your your non-compensatory pay exceeds your QEEs and you value simplicity…

If your non-compensatory pay is greater than your QEEs, you have the option of netting your QEEs against your non-compensatory pay and reporting only your net non-compensatory pay as income. This is the simple method that may or may not result in minimizing your tax burden.

If your non-compensatory pay exceeds your QEEs and you want to minimize your tax liability…

Your baseline tax liability will be the one calculated with the previous method of reporting as income only your non-compensatory pay net of your QEEs. The alternative, possibly better method is to apply your QEEs to the Lifetime Learning Credit instead of directly making your non-compensatory pay tax-free. In this method, you report a higher income and calculate a higher tax due, but then directly reduce that tax due using the Lifetime Learning Credit. This method is detailed in the section “Coordination with Pell grants and other scholarships” on p. 27 of Publication 970.

You can apply all your QEEs up to $10,000 to the Lifetime Learning Credit. (If you have QEEs in excess of $10,000, use those to make some of your non-compensatory pay tax-free and report the net non-compensatory income.) Your QEEs up to $10,000 will then directly reduce your calculated tax liability (based on that higher net income) at a ratio of 20%. For example, if you applied $10,000 of QEEs to the Lifetime Learning Credit, you would knock $2,000 off your tax due.

The only definitive way to determine which method is optimal for your situation is to prepare two sets of tax returns, one prioritizing making non-compensatory pay tax-free and one prioritizing the Lifetime Learning Credit. It’s imperative to calculate not just your total federal tax due under each method but your state and local tax due as well.

Whether this second method will result in a lower tax burden than the first depends on the highest marginal tax brackets you fall in (at least as a first-pass estimation). Because the second method uses a 20% credit, the question is whether the sum of your marginal tax brackets is greater or less than 20%. If it is greater than 20%, the deduction is more likely to minimize your tax burden. If it is less than 20%, the credit is more likely to minimize your tax burden. You must take into account not only your federal marginal tax bracket (for graduate students without outside income, this is likely 15% or lower) but also your state and local tax brackets.

However, there are two reasons why you should not make this decision based solely on the sum of your marginal tax rates:

1. While the federal government taxes non-compensatory pay as ordinary income (i.e., added in with all the rest of your income and taxed normally), your state and municipal governments may not, so the effective tax rate on your non-compensatory pay at the state or local level may be different from the marginal tax rate that would apply to an equal amount of ordinary income.
2. Reporting a higher taxable income than necessary, which you do when you prioritize the Lifetime Learning Credit, may cause you to become ineligible for certain other tax benefits for lower-income people, ultimately resulting in a greater tax burden than you would have had if you prioritized making your non-compensatory pay tax-free.

If your QEEs exceed your (non-zero) non-compensatory pay…

You will apply either the Lifetime Learning Credit or the Tuition and Fees Deduction (you can’t use both) and possibly also make some of your non-compensatory pay tax-free by netting it against your QEEs.

Following the discussion in the previous section, if you determine that a deduction is most advantageous to you, you should net to zero all your non-compensatory pay using some of your QEEs. With the remainder of your QEEs, apply either the Tuition and Fees Deduction or the Lifetime Learning Credit as in the next section. (You can’t assume that the Tuition and Fees Deduction is advantageous over the Lifetime Learning Credit even if you prefer a deduction to a 20% credit because of the greater amount of QEEs that can be applied to the Lifetime Learning Credit.)

If you determine that a 20% credit is most advantageous to you, apply all your QEEs up to $10,000 to the Lifetime Learning Credit. If you have any remaining QEEs, use them to make (some of) your non-compensatory pay tax-free and report the net non-compensatory pay as income.

If you have QEEs but no (remaining) non-compensatory pay…

You will apply either the Lifetime Learning Credit or the Tuition and Fees Deduction (you can’t use both). You should calculate your final tax due using each of these methods separately to choose between them. Because the calculation depends on both the amount of QEEs you have to use and the sum of your marginal tax brackets (vs. the 20% Lifetime Learning Credit), a decision tree won’t help you as much as just running the numbers directly.

The Numbers You Need for Your Tax Return

Once you have decided how you would like to use your QEEs, you should bring a few numbers with you to enter into your federal tax return:

• your total amount of compensatory pay (W-2 pay with respect to your grad student income)
• your net non-compensatory pay (after applying your QEEs to reduce it),
• the amount of your Tuition and Fees Deduction (maximum $4,000) from Form 8917, and
• the amount of your Lifetime Learning Credit (maximum $2,000) from Form 8863.

Fill Out Your Grad Student Tax Return

With respect to your (net) grad student income, Tuition and Fees Deduction, Lifetime Learning Credit, and tax already paid, how to report them on your tax return is very straightforward. Of course, you will fill out the rest of your tax return by following the form instructions; this section only relates to the grad student aspects of your return.

Report Your Income

Your compensatory pay and net non-compensatory pay will be summed and reported as a single figure in the wages line of your tax return. (Add to this figure any other wages as well according to the form instructions.)

If you are using Form 1040, you will write your income in Line 7. If you are using Form 1040A, you will write your income in Line 7. If you are using Form 1040EZ, you will write your income in Line 1.

If your grad student income includes any non-compensatory income, write “SCH” in the line next to the number. You may also include the amount of the net non-compensatory pay. The purpose of this note is to alert the IRS that there is no W-2 associated with all or part of the income reported on that line.

Further reading: Where to Report Your Grad Student Income on Your Tax Return

Report Your Tuition and Fees Deduction

Report your Tuition and Fees Deduction on Line 34 of Form 1040 or Line 19 of Form 1040A. (These lines are currently labeled “Reserved for future use” – I’m assuming just in case Congress decided to pass the extension, which it ultimately did – so perhaps wait to submit your 1040(A) until the form has been updated to reflect the extension.) The amount of the deduction will reduce your taxable income.

Report Your Lifetime Learning Credit

Report your Lifetime Learning Credit on Line 50 of Form 1040 or Line 33 of Form 1040A. The amount of this credit will directly reduce your tax due.

Report Your Tax Already Paid

If you received a W-2 and/or 1099-MISC for part or all of your grad student income, you will enter the amount of federal tax that was withheld from your income in Line 65 of Form 1040, Line 40 of Form 1040A, or Line 7 of Form 1040EZ.

Further reading: Grad Student Tax Lie #5: If Nothing Was Withheld, You Don’t Owe Any Tax

If you paid quarterly estimated tax on your fellowship income, report the total of the estimated tax payments you made in Line 65 of Form 1040 or Line 41 of Form 1040A.

Notes on Other Education Tax Benefits

I have omitted from detailed discussion one education tax benefit that you may be familiar with from past experience preparing your tax return.

American Opportunity Credit

The American Opportunity Credit is typically used during the undergraduate years only. It can be claimed in only 4 tax years and not in any tax year after the one in which you finish your first four years of postsecondary education. Therefore, if you graduated from college in 2017 (in four years) and you (or your parents) claimed the American Opportunity Credit in no more than 3 previous tax years (e.g., freshman spring/sophomore fall, sophomore spring/junior fall, and junior spring/senior fall but not freshman fall), you may be eligible to claim it in 2017. If you claim the American Opportunity Credit, you cannot use the Lifetime Learning Credit or the Tuition and Fees Deduction. If you are considered a dependent on your parents’ tax return in 2017, you cannot claim the credit.

Conclusion

The most challenging aspect of this process is simply knowing the various aspects that you have to consider. The most complicated aspect is deciding how to use your QEEs, but you can always take the default option of prioritizing making your non-compensatory pay tax-free if you don’t want to do the extra calculations. (You tax software or professional tax preparer should make the determination for you, but you have to give it/him/her good information to work with to do so properly.)

Further reading: How to Work with a Tax Preparer When You Have Fellowship and/or Scholarship Income

Best of luck to you as you prepare your grad student tax return this year! If you need additional support, download my tax “cheat sheet” and/or register for the free tax webinar. And please consider sharing this post with your peers through social media or a list-serv!

We at Personal Finance for PhDs are not professional tax preparers; this post is for informational purposes only and does not constitute tax advice.